CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)

Bilabial

Labiodental

Dental

Alveolar

Postalveolar

Retroflex

Palatal

Velar

Uvular

Pharyngeal

Glottal

Plosive

p

b

t

d

ʈ

ɖ

c

ɟ

k

g

q

ɢ

ʔ

Nasal

m

ɱ

n

ɳ

ɲ

ŋ

ɴ

Trill

ʙ

r

ʀ

Tap or Flap

ɾ

ɽ

Fricative

ɸ

β

f

v

θ

ð

s

z

ʃ

ʒ

ʂ

ʐ

ç

ʝ

x

ɣ

χ

ʁ

ħ

ʕ

h

ɦ

Lateral Fricative

ɬ

ɮ

Approximant

ʋ

ɹ

ɻ

j

ɰ

Lateral Approximant

l

ɭ

ʎ

ʟ

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) Clicks Voiced Implosives Ejectives ʘ Bilabial ɓ Bilabial ʼ as in: ǀ Dental ɗ Dental/Alveolar pʼ Bilabial ǃ (Post)alveolar ʄ Palatal tʼ Dental/Alveolar ǂ Palatoalveolar ɠ Velar kʼ Velar ǁ Alveolar Lateral ʛ Uvular sʼ Alveolar Fricative   VOWELS Front Central Back Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u ɪ ʏ ʊ Close-Mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o ə Open-Mid ɛ œ ɜ ʚ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ Open a ɶ ɑ ɒ Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.   OTHER SYMBOLS ʍ Voiceless Labial-Velar Fricative ɕ ʑ Alveolo-Palatal Fricatives w Voiced Labial-Velar Approximant ɺ Alveolar Lateral Flap ɥ Voiced Labial-Palatal Approximant ɧ Simultaneous ʃ and x ʜ Voiceless Epiglottal Fricative Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. ʢ Voiced Epiglottal Fricative ʡ Epiglottal Plosive k_p t_s

SUPRASEGMENTALS " Primary Stress % Secondary Stress ː Long :\ Half-Long _X Extra-Short . Syllable Break | Minor (Foot) Group || Major (Intonation) Group -\ Linking (Absence of a Break) TONES & WORD ACCENTS LEVEL CONTOUR _T Extra High _R Rising _H High _F Falling _M Mid _H_T High Rising _L Low _B_L Low Rising _B Extra Low _R_F Rising-Falling ! Downstep <R> Global Rise ^ Upstep <F> Global Fall   DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender. _0 Voiceless _t Breathy Voiced _d Dental _v Voiced _k Creaky Voiced _a Apical _h Aspirated _N Linguolabial _m Laminal _O More Rounded _w Labialized ~ Nasalized _c Less Rounded ' Palatalized _n Nasal Release _+ Advanced _G Velarized _l Lateral Release _- Retracted _?\ Pharyngealized _} No Audible Release _" Centralized _e Velarized or Pharyngealized _x Mid-Centralized _r Raised = Syllabic _o Lowered _^ Non-Syllabic _A Advanced Tongue Root ` Rhoticity _q Retracted Tongue Root