THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 1993)

in Unicode

CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Plosive p b t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k g q ɢ ʔ
Nasal m ɱ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ
Trill ʙ r ʀ
Tap or Flap ɾ ɽ
Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ
Lateral Fricative ɬ ɮ
Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ
Lateral Approximant l ɭ ʎ ʟ

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)

Clicks Voiced Implosives Ejectives
ʘ Bilabial ɓ Bilabial ʼ as in:
ǀ Dental ɗ Dental/Alveolar pʼ Bilabial
ǃ (Post)alveolar ʄ Palatal tʼ Dental/Alveolar
ǂ Palatoalveolar ɠ Velar kʼ Velar
ǁ Alveolar Lateral ʛ Uvular sʼ Alveolar Fricative

VOWELS

Front Central Back
Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u
ɪ ʏ ʊ
Close-Mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o
ə
Open-Mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ
æ ɐ
Open a ɶ ɑ ɒ

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.

OTHER SYMBOLS

ʍ Voiceless Labial-Velar Fricative ɕ ʑ Alveolo-Palatal Fricatives
w Voiced Labial-Velar Approximant ɺ Alveolar Lateral Flap
ɥ Voiced Labial-Palatal Approximant ɧ Simultaneous ʃ and x
ʜ Voiceless Epiglottal Fricative Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.
ʢ Voiced Epiglottal Fricative
ʡ Epiglottal Plosive k͡p t͡s

SUPRASEGMENTALS

ˈ Primary Stress
ˌ Secondary Stress
ː Long
ˑ Half-Long
̆ Extra-Short
. Syllable Break
| Minor (Foot) Group
‖ Major (Intonation) Group
‿ Linking (Absence of a Break)

TONES & WORD ACCENTS

LEVEL CONTOUR
e̋ or e˥ Extra High ě or e˩˥ Rising
é or e˦ High ê or e˥˩ Falling
ē or e˧ Mid e᷄ or e˦˥ High Rising
è or e˨ Low e᷅ or e˩˨ Low Rising
ȅ or e˩ Extra Low e᷈ or e˦˥˦ Rising-Falling
↓ Downstep ↗ Global Rise
↑ Upstep ↘ Global Fall

DIACRITICS

Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender.

n̥ d̥ Voiceless b̤ a̤ Breathy Voiced t̪ d̪ Dental
s̬ t̬ Voiced b̰ a̰ Creaky Voiced t̺ d̺ Apical
tʰ dʰ Aspirated t̼ d̼ Linguolabial t̻ d̻ Laminal
ɔ̹ More Rounded tʷ dʷ Labialized ẽ Nasalized
ɔ̜ Less Rounded tʲ dʲ Palatalized dⁿ Nasal Release
u̟ Advanced tˠ dˠ Velarized dˡ Lateral Release
e̠ Retracted tˤ dˤ Pharyngealized d̚ No Audible Release
ë Centralized l̴ Velarized or Pharyngealized
e̽ Mid-Centralized e̝ ɹ̝ Raised
ɹ̩ Syllabic e̞ β̞ Lowered
e̯ Non-Syllabic e̘ Advanced Tongue Root
ə˞ a˞ Rhoticity e̙ Retracted Tongue Root