THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 1993)

CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)

	Bilabial		Labiodental		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal		Glottal
Plosive	p	b					t	d			t`	d`	c	J\	k	g	q	G\			?
Nasal		m		F				n				n`		J		N		N\
Trill		B\						r										R\
Tap or Flap								4				r`
Fricative	p\	B	f	v	T	D	s	z	S	Z	s`	z`	C	j\	x	G	X	R	X\	?\	h	h\
Lateral Fricative							K	K\
Approximant				P				r\				r\`		j		m\
Lateral Approximant								l				l`		L		L\

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)

Clicks		Voiced Implosives		Ejectives
O\	Bilabial	b_<	Bilabial	_>	as in:
|\	Dental	d_<	Dental/Alveolar	p_>	Bilabial
!\	(Post)alveolar	f_<	Palatal	t_>	Dental/Alveolar
=\	Palatoalveolar	g_<	Velar	k_>	Velar
|\|\	Alveolar Lateral	G_<	Uvular	s_>	Alveolar Fricative

VOWELS

	Front				Central				Back
Close	i	y			1	}			M	u
			I	Y			U
Close-Mid	e	2			@\	8			7	o
					@
Open-Mid	E	9			3	3\			V	O
	{				6
Open	a	&							A	Q

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.

OTHER SYMBOLS

W	Voiceless Labial-Velar Fricative	s\ z\	Alveolo-Palatal Fricatives
w	Voiced Labial-Velar Approximant	l\	Alveolar Lateral Flap
H	Voiced Labial-Palatal Approximant	x\	Simultaneous ʃ and x
H\	Voiceless Epiglottal Fricative	Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.
<\	Voiced Epiglottal Fricative
>\	Epiglottal Plosive	k_p t_s