CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)

Bilabial

Labiodental

Dental

Alveolar

Postalveolar

Retroflex

Palatal

Velar

Uvular

Pharyngeal

Glottal

Plosive

p

b

t

d

t`

d`

c

J\

k

g

q

G\

?

Nasal

m

F

n

n`

J

N

N\

Trill

B\

r

R\

Tap or Flap

4

r`

Fricative

p\

B

f

v

T

D

s

z

S

Z

s`

z`

C

j\

x

G

X

R

X\

?\

h

h\

Lateral Fricative

K

K\

Approximant

P

r\

r\`

j

m\

Lateral Approximant

l

l`

L

L\

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) Clicks Voiced Implosives Ejectives O\ Bilabial b_< Bilabial _> as in: |\ Dental d_< Dental/Alveolar p_> Bilabial !\ (Post)alveolar f_< Palatal t_> Dental/Alveolar =\ Palatoalveolar g_< Velar k_> Velar |\|\ Alveolar Lateral G_< Uvular s_> Alveolar Fricative   VOWELS Front Central Back Close i y 1 } M u I Y U Close-Mid e 2 @\ 8 7 o @ Open-Mid E 9 3 3\ V O { 6 Open a & A Q Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.   OTHER SYMBOLS W Voiceless Labial-Velar Fricative s\ z\ Alveolo-Palatal Fricatives w Voiced Labial-Velar Approximant l\ Alveolar Lateral Flap H Voiced Labial-Palatal Approximant x\ Simultaneous S and x H\ Voiceless Epiglottal Fricative Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. <\ Voiced Epiglottal Fricative >\ Epiglottal Plosive k_p t_s

SUPRASEGMENTALS " Primary Stress % Secondary Stress : Long :\ Half-Long _X Extra-Short . Syllable Break | Minor (Foot) Group || Major (Intonation) Group -\ Linking (Absence of a Break) TONES & WORD ACCENTS LEVEL CONTOUR _T Extra High _R Rising _H High _F Falling _M Mid _H_T High Rising _L Low _B_L Low Rising _B Extra Low _R_F Rising-Falling ! Downstep <R> Global Rise ^ Upstep <F> Global Fall   DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender. _0 Voiceless _t Breathy Voiced _d Dental _v Voiced _k Creaky Voiced _a Apical _h Aspirated _N Linguolabial _m Laminal _O More Rounded _w Labialized ~ Nasalized _c Less Rounded ' Palatalized _n Nasal Release _+ Advanced _G Velarized _l Lateral Release _- Retracted _?\ Pharyngealized _} No Audible Release _" Centralized _e Velarized or Pharyngealized _x Mid-Centralized _r Raised = Syllabic _o Lowered _^ Non-Syllabic _A Advanced Tongue Root ` Rhoticity _q Retracted Tongue Root