THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 1993)

in Conlang X-SAMPA (CXS)

CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Plosive p b t d t` d` c J\ k g q G\ ?
Nasal m F n n` J N N\
Trill B\ r R\
Tap or Flap 4 r`
Fricative p\ B f v T D s z S Z s` z` C j\ x G X R X\ ?\ h h\
Lateral Fricative K K\
Approximant P r\ r\` j m\
Lateral Approximant l l` L L\

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)

Clicks Voiced Implosives Ejectives
O\ Bilabial b_< Bilabial _> as in:
|\ Dental d_< Dental/Alveolar p_> Bilabial
!\ (Post)alveolar f_< Palatal t_> Dental/Alveolar
=\ Palatoalveolar g_< Velar k_> Velar
|\|\ Alveolar Lateral G_< Uvular s_> Alveolar Fricative

VOWELS

Front Central Back
Close i y i\ u\ M u
I Y U
Close-Mid e 2 @\ 8 7 o
@
Open-Mid E 9 3 3\ V O
& 6
Open a &\ A Q

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.

OTHER SYMBOLS

W Voiceless Labial-Velar Fricative s\ z\ Alveolo-Palatal Fricatives
w Voiced Labial-Velar Approximant l\ Alveolar Lateral Flap
H Voiced Labial-Palatal Approximant x\ Simultaneous ʃ and x
H\ Voiceless Epiglottal Fricative Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.
<\ Voiced Epiglottal Fricative
>\ Epiglottal Plosive kp) ts)

SUPRASEGMENTALS

' Primary Stress
, Secondary Stress
: Long
:\ Half-Long
_X Extra-Short
. Syllable Break
| Minor (Foot) Group
|| Major (Intonation) Group
-\ Linking (Absence of a Break)

TONES & WORD ACCENTS

LEVEL CONTOUR
_T Extra High _R Rising
_H High _F Falling
_M Mid _H_T High Rising
_L Low _B_L Low Rising
_B Extra Low _R_F Rising-Falling
! Downstep <R> Global Rise
^ Upstep <F> Global Fall

DIACRITICS

Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender.

_0 Voiceless _t Breathy Voiced _d Dental
_v Voiced _k Creaky Voiced _a Apical
_h Aspirated _N Linguolabial _m Laminal
_O More Rounded _w Labialized ~ Nasalized
_c Less Rounded ; Palatalized _n Nasal Release
_+ Advanced _G Velarized _l Lateral Release
_- Retracted _?\ Pharyngealized _} No Audible Release
_" Centralized _e Velarized or Pharyngealized
_x Mid-Centralized _r Raised
= Syllabic _o Lowered
_^ Non-Syllabic _A Advanced Tongue Root
` Rhoticity _q Retracted Tongue Root